Costo, requisitos y documentos para renovar DACA

Costo, requisitos y documentos para renovar DACA Los muchachos migrantes indocumentados que han tenido alguna vez DACA aprobado pueden solicitar su renovacià ³n por decisià ³n de varias sentencias judiciales, a pesar de la orden del presidente Donald Trump de finalizar ese programa. DACA es un permiso que permite vivir temporalmente en Estados Unidos a jà ³venes migrantes indocumentados que llegaron al paà ­s siendo nià ±os y que reà ºnen una serie de requisitos. La obtencià ³n de DACA abre la puerta a la obtencià ³n de un Nà ºmero del Seguro Social, permiso de trabajo, licencia de manejar, etc., pero no es un camino hacia la tarjeta de residencia permanente, conocida como green card. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los requisitos para solicitar la renovacià ³n de DACA, quà © documentos deben presentarse al Servicio de Inmigracià ³n y Ciudadanà ­a (USCIS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s), cul es el costo y posibles casos para pedir una exencià ³n del pago y, finalmente, con cunta antelacià ³n se debe enviar la peticià ³n de renovacià ³n y cunto tiempo se demoran en contestar.  ¿Quià ©nes pueden renovar DACA?: Requisitos Para tener derecho para solicitar la renovacià ³n de DACA es obligatorio cumplir los siguientes requisitos. En primer lugar, tener o haber tenido DACA aprobado. En otras palabras, en la actualidad, no se puede solicitar este permiso por primera vez. Tampoco se puede solicitar un advance parole, que es un permiso para viajar fuera de Estados Unidos y regresar y que cuando gobernaba el presidente Barack Obama sà ­ que se podà ­a pedir. En segundo lugar, es obligatorio no haber salido de Estados Unidos a fecha del 15 de agosto de 2012 o posteriormente, a menos que se tuviera un advance parole que lo permitiese. En tercer lugar, es requisito haber residido permanentemente en los Estados Unidos desde la fecha que se solicità ³ DACA por primera vez. Y, finalmente, tambià ©n es requisito no haber sido condenado por una felonà ­a, ni falta importante –lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como significant misdemeanor– ni por 3 o ms faltas regulares. Tampoco pueden solicitar la renovacià ³n de DACA los muchachos considerados como un peligro para la seguridad nacional o pà ºblica. En este à ºltimo apartado estn considerados los miembros de las pandillas. Segà ºn el National Immigration Law Center, es altamente recomendable para los muchachos indocumentados contactar con un abogado migratorio de AILA o con un representante acreditado por el Board of Immigration Appeals antes de solicitar la renovacià ³n de DACA si estn en una de las siguientes situaciones: Ha sido arrestadoTiene una acusacià ³n pendienteTiene una citacià ³n judicialHa sido condenado por delito o faltaTiene una orden de deportacià ³n, ha firmado una salida voluntariaTiene un caso de inmigracià ³n cerrado administrativamenteTiene abierto un proceso de deportacià ³n o de expulsià ³n En estos casos mencionados, la solicitud de renovacià ³n de DACA podrà ­a llamar la atencià ³n de las autoridades migratorias sobre las circunstancias del solicitante y colocarle en situacià ³n de prioridad de deportacià ³n. Para evitar estos riesgos es recomendable consultar el caso con un abogado migratorio. Tramitacià ³n para solicitar la renovacià ³n de DACA y documentos necesarios Hay dos clases de tramitacià ³n para solicitar la renovacià ³n del caso. Asà ­, deben utilizar los documentos que se utilizaron para solicitar DACA por primera vez todos aquellos muchachos cuyo DACA hubiera expirado antes del 5 de septiembre de 2016. Asimismo, deben seguir ese mismo procedimiento los que tuvieron alguna vez DACA y les fue terminado por una decisià ³n de USCIS y los muchachos cuyo DACA fue inicialmente aprobado por ICE. Los documentos para solicitar la renovacià ³n en esos tres casos son los siguientes: Forma 821DForma I-765, para el permiso de trabajoForma I-765WCopia por delante y por detrs del à ºltimo permiso de trabajoDos fotos tipo pasaporte tomadas en los à ºltimos 30 dà ­as antes de enviar solicitud de renovacià ³n.Todos los documentos que demuestran que se reà ºnen los requisitos para DACA en relacià ³n a edad, identidad, residencia en Estados Unidos y educacià ³n o servicio militar. Por otro lado, los muchachos con DACA con fecha de expiracià ³n del 5 de septiembre de 2016 o posterior pueden aplicar para renovar enviando los siguientes documentos. Forma 821D, dejar en blanco la parte que dice for inicial request onlyForma I-765Forma I-765WCopia de anverso y reverso de à ºltimo permiso de trabajo2 fotos tipo pasaporte tomadas en los à ºltimos 30 dà ­asAdjuntar documentos nuevos si ha habido arrestos, detenciones, inicio procedimiento de deportacià ³n, etc. y no se han aportado previamente. En todos los casos de renovacià ³n deben utilizarse los formularios ms recientes, que pueden obtenerse gratuitamente en la pgina oficial de USCIS y verificar que se rellena la casilla en la que se solicita la fecha de expiracià ³n del permiso DACA. USCIS puede solicitar informacià ³n adicional o puede contactar con otras agencias del gobierno para verificar que no se ha mentido en la solicitud de renovacià ³n de DACA. En cuando a quà © oficina de USCIS se debe enviar la solicitud, depende del lugar de residencia del solicitante. Se aconseja utilizar correo certificado para hacer mejor seguimiento del paquete y tambià ©n es aconsejable incluir el formulario G-1145 para recibir confirmacià ³n digital de que ha sido aceptado por USCIS. Costo de renovar DACA y posibles exenciones de pago El costo actual para renovar DACA est fijado en $495. Si no se puede pagar se pueden solicitar prà ©stamos o becas como la de United We Dream. Adems, USCIS permite en casos excepcionales solicitar la exencià ³n del pago a las personas que se encuentren en alguna de las siguientes circunstancias. Menores de 18 aà ±os en foster care, desamparados o sin apoyo familiar y con ingresos inferiores al 150% de la là ­nea de pobreza.Incapacitados crà ³nicos con ingresos inferiores al 150% de la là ­nea de pobrezaPersonas con deudas superiores a $10.000 en el à ºltimo aà ±o por gastos mà ©dicos para sà ­ mismas o familiares inmediatos y con ingresos inferiores al 150% de la là ­nea de la pobreza. En estos casos, debe enviarse a USCIS antes de solicitar la renovacià ³n de DACA una carta en inglà ©s con documentos que apoyen el caso y enviarla a: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServicesAttn: Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Fee Exemption Request20 Massachusetts Ave., NW4th Floor, Suite 4300MSC 2300Washington, DC 20529 Si USCIS aprueba la exencià ³n, debe incluirse la carta en la solicitud de renovacià ³n. Cundo debe enviarse la solicitud de renovacià ³n de DACA En la actualidad, USCIS recomienda enviar la solicitud de renovacià ³n entre 120 y 150 dà ­as antes de la fecha de expiracià ³n y se est demorando entre 3 y 5 meses en tramitarlas, si bien hay casos en los que ha tardado menos. Cabe preguntarse si es aconsejable enviar la solicitud de renovar antes de los 150 dà ­as aconsejables teniendo en cuenta la situacià ³n voltil que se vive. Y es que la supervivencia de DACA depende de resoluciones judiciales. Hasta ahora principalmente dos sentencias han permitido que el programa siga adelante, aunque en una versià ³n limitada: Regents of the University of California et al v. Department of Homeland Security al. y NAACP v. Trump. Por el contrario, Texas v. Nielsen es una amenaza. En este contexto de gran incertidumbre por lo que deparar el futuro solicitar la renovacià ³n antes de 150 dà ­as de su expiracià ³n puede tener sentido. Por ejemplo, si un permiso DACA tiene fecha de expiracià ³n del 30 de septiembre de 2019 y se solicita su renovacià ³n el 31 de enero de ese aà ±o, puede suceder que USCIS la apruebe en mayo de 2019 y, de esa forma, està © dando un permiso de trabajo con validez de dos aà ±os, es decir, mayo de 2021. Si DACA fuera definitivamente terminado antes de septiembre de 2019 eso quiere decir que se abrà ­an ganado casi dos aà ±os con permiso para trabajar. Pero lo cierto es que no se sabe quà © va a pasar y en el caso de que DACA fuera terminado tampoco se sabe si USCIS permitirà ­a que los permisos de trabajo siguieran vigentes, si se tramitarà ­an las solicitudes ya enviadas pero todavà ­a no tramitadas o si simplemente se cortarà ­an de raà ­z todos los beneficios y, adems, se perderà ­a el dinero de la cuota de $495 porque USCIS podrà ­a no regresarla. Por todo ello se aconseja consultar con un abogado en el caso de pedir la renovacià ³n de DACA con una antelacià ³n superior a 150 dà ­as a la fecha de expiracià ³n del permiso que actualmente se tiene. Renovar DACA: requisitos, documentos, costo y cundo enviar solicitud Los muchachos indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos siendo nià ±os podrà ­an continuar beneficindose del permiso conocido como DACA que autoriza a vivir en el paà ­s y permite la obtencià ³n de un permiso de trabajo. ¿Quià ©nes pueden aplicar por DACA por primera vez?: NADIE ¿Quià ©nes pueden renovar DACA?: los muchachos con DACA aprobado, los que tuvieron el permiso pero les expirà ³ y aquellos que tambià ©n lo tuvieron pero les fue cancelado por USCIS. ¿Quià ©nes deben consultar con un abogado antes de presentar solicitud de renovacià ³n? Muchachos con sentencias condenatorias por delitos o faltas, acusados por hechos criminales, con citaciones judiciales, considerados un riesgo para la seguridad nacional o pà ºblica, con casos abiertos de deportacià ³n, orden de deportacià ³n o expulsià ³n, salida voluntaria firmada, caso de inmigracià ³n cerrado administrativamente, etc. ¿Cul es el costo de renovar DACA?: $495. En algunos casos es posible solicitar e xencià ³n del pago. ¿Cundo enviar solicitud de renovacià ³n?: USCIS recomienda enviarla entre 120 y 150 dà ­as antes de la expiracià ³n del permiso actual. Se est demorando unos 120 dà ­a en resolver. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para casos concretos.

The Lex Mercatoria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Lex Mercatoria - Essay Example In Europe Lex Mercatoria contained procedures and traditions which were familiar to the merchants and dealers. The contemporary Lex Mercatoria discovers its potency in the national rule, as stated by Thomas Charbonneau (1998): "It is not surprising that the strongest advocates of the new law merchant are from civil law jurisdictions where general legal principles constitute the primary source of law and specialized courts have long handled commercial disputes at an intermediary level of the legal system. Nor is it astonishing that the most virulent critics of Lex Mercatoria and delocalization are steeped in the common law tradition of narrow rules and holdings, where decisional law is the foremost source of law and courts are its oracles." (pg37) Regarding the Lex Mercatoria there is some difficulty to understand as to what Lex Mercatoria contents are, but it is certainly described as the rule managed among the dealers and the foreign officers, part of it being authentic rule and the rest of it being the substantiation and the course of actions. The Lex Mercatoria is described as the set of laws; generally lots of definitions are related to the Lex Mercatoria and the national law. Dissimilarity between Law Mercatoria and national law might be made on the basis of a self-governing and an authoritativeness concept. The self governing concept examines that the Lex Mercatoria has an independent nature, which is autonomous from several methods of regulation. Goldman B (1986) defined Lex Mercatoria as "A set of general principles, and customary rules spontaneously referred to or elaborated in the framework of international trade, without reference to a particular national system of law."(pg116) The advocates of the Lex Mercatoria do not entirely have the same opinion regarding the source from where the Lex Mercatoria is taken, or concerning the comparative significance of the sources is observed as something which is acceptable. There is an extensive gap linking the sources for instance average figure indenture and the characteristics of commercial regulation. Mostly the people regard Lex Mercatoria as content because it is described as a law among the merchants and their dealers. The Lex Mercatoria is regarded as a list of rules rather than a method. There are various rules related to the Lex Mercatoria which makes it an autonomous system of laws. The set of laws are articulated more distinctively; in any case they cannot be originated from any universal simplification of nationwide laws. Critical analysis of Lex Mercatoria: The UNIDOT principle of Lex Mercatoria describes the means to create universal set of laws of global profitable agreement. The UNIDROIT principle gives the foremost sign that there is a physically powerful inter link among the UNIDROIT principle and the Lex Mercatoria. The UNIDROITS's duty of conquering the inadequacy of local rules for the declaration of the global dealing and trade by making a latest Lex Mercatoria was highlighted in the report of the UNIDROIT. The fundamental objective of this plan was to expand a compilation of rule and set of laws comprising of the Lex Mercatoria. Berger defined the Lex Mercatoria is relation to the UNIDROIT principles as: "An internationally useful method of construction inspired

The Game Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Game Theory - Essay Example The games are well defined mathematical objects where it consists of a set of players, a set of strategies (moves) available to players and specification of payoffs for combination of strategies. A player is said to be rational if he play in a manner which maximizes his own payoff. It is often assumed that rationality of all players is common knowledge. A strategy dominates another strategy of a player if it gives a better payoff to that player, irrespective of what the other players are doing. For example, if a player have two strategies A and B the outcome resulting from A is better than that of B, then strategy A is said to dominate strategy B. A rational player will never choose to play a dominated strategy. In an extensive game, a strategy is a complete plan of choices, one for each decision point of the player. A mixed strategy is an active randomization, with given probabilities, that determine the players decision. The games are splitted as cooperative and noncooperative games. In a noncooperative game the participants cannot make commitments to coordinate their strategies, and hence the solution is a noncoopoerative solution. In a noncooperative game with finite players Nash equilibrium is a set of mixed strategies between two or more players where no player can improve his payoff by changing his strategy. Noncooperative games are defined by extensive and normal forms whereas cooperative games are presented in characteristic function form. In extensive form, games are often represented as trees and each node (vertex) represent a point of choice for a player. Each player is represented by a vertex. The lines out of vertex denote possible action for that player and the payoffs are specified at the bottom of the tree. In the normal form (or strategic form) game is represented by a matrix which tells strategies, players and payoffs. In general it is represented by any function that associates a payoff for each player with every possible combination of actions. In the normal form it is assumed that each player acts simultaneously without knowing the action of other. In cooperative games the individual payoffs of player are not known but the characteristic function gives the payoff of each coalition. For empty coalition the payoff is considered to be 0. In partition function form the payoffs not only depend on its members but also on the rest of players who were partitioned. In cooperative game participants can make commitments to coordinate their strategy which is a converse to noncooperative games. Cooperative games are particularly used in economics. In cooperative games if side payments (incentives) are allowed then the corresponding solution concept is known as transferable utility cooperative value otherwise it is known as nontransferable utility cooperative value.In game theory we have zero sum and non zero sum games. In zero sum games, the players gain or loss is balanced by other players losses or gains so that the total gains obtained when subtracted with total losses of the players gives a zero sum. In nonzero sum games we have sum le ss than or more than zero. A game is said to be sequential if one player performs his action after another or else it is a simultaneous move game.An example for a zero sum game is Matching pennies. In this game we have two players having a penny. On tossing the

History of Autism and Aspergers

History of Autism and Aspergers Pandoras Box During World War II, the large-scale involvement of US psychiatrists in the required a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. This prompted the American Psychiatric Association (APA) to publish the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) The first edition, DSM-I, published in 1952, included autism as schizophrenic reaction, childhood type, but provided no guidance on diagnosis. In DSM-III, published in 1980, infantile autism was lifted from schizophrenia and established as the core of a new category of pervasive developmental disorders, based on Kanners two cardinal signs: pervasive lack of responsiveness to other people and resistance to change. The age of onset was specified as before 30 months, which would rule out all kids who would later be diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. To accommodate kids who suffered a loss of skills after thirty months, there was Childhood Onset Pervasive Developmental Disorder (COPDD). In DSM-III-R, published in 1987, the manual was revised to improve the criteria for autism based on recommendations of a task force, comprising Lorna Wing, Lynn Waterhouse, and Bryna Siegel. In this revision, the word infantile was deleted, and Kanners syndrome was rechristened autistic disorder. There was no age-of-onset, and the COPDD diagnosis was dropped. It also added a new criterion Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). This label turned out to be the most commonly used PDD diagnosis. Estimates of autism prevalence increased worldwide after DSM-III and DSM-III-R was published. The overall trend was clear: Autism spectrum disorder might be as prevalent as 1 in 100 children. After a comprehensive analysis of the Family Fund database for the UK Department of Education and Skills, PricewaterhouseCoopers concluded that the increase in autism resulted from improved diagnosis and recognition of the disability. A similar evolution was taking place in the United States, prompted by a set of amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). In 1991, autism was included in IDEA as its own category of disability, which enabled children with a diagnosis to gain access to individualized instructions and other services. In tandem with IDEA, state legislators passed laws making public funds available to families for early intervention therapy. The first standardized clinical instruments to screen for autism were becoming available.ÂÂ   The first attempt to develop and popularize such a tool was Rimlands E-1, and E-2 behavioral checklists. But the checklists depended entirely on parental recall rather than direct clinical observation. A childs score could differ depending on which parent filled in the checklist. In 1980, Eric Schopler and his TEACCH colleagues introduced the Child Autism Rating Scale (CARS), which was good at distinguishing autism from other forms of developmental delays, such as intellectual disability. After observing the child engage in a structured interaction through a one-way mirror, the rater scored the child on a seven-point continuum along several dimensions such as verbal and nonverbal communication, interaction with people and objects, sensory responsiveness, intellectual functioning. CARS used the spectrum model of autism in the DSM-III-R to score behaviors. Independent analyses showed that the scale was reliable and consistent, and that its score matched well with assessment by other means. In 1988, Schopler issued a second edition of CARS that could diagnose teenagers and adults. After reading the manual and watching a 30-minute video, a novice could produce ratings that were as accurate as those of seasoned clinical observers. Then, six months after Rain Man opened, an international team of researchers introduced a comprehensive tool called the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Based on the criteria that would appear in the upcoming DSM-IV, the ADOS and a companion tool called the Autism Diagnostic Interview became the gold standard of autism assessment. *** The first international conference on Asperger syndrome was held in 1988, and Lorne Wing had lobbied the World Health Organization (WHO) to include Asperger Syndrome in the 10th edition of the International Classification of Disease (ICD), published in 1990. In 1994, Asperger syndrome was included in DSM-IV. *** Leominster, the birthplace of Johnny Appleseed, is forty-five miles northeast of Boston. In the 1940s, it was called the Plastic City as one in five residents worked for plastics manufacturers like Foster Grant, the company that turned sunglasses into a fashion. Soon it became the Pollution City as the waters of the Nashua flowed red, white, and blue. Then Foster Grant outsourced its frame manufacturing to Mexico. The defunct plant was declared a hazardous-waste site by state authorities. Two years after the plant closed, a couple in Leominster named Lori and Larry Altobelli had their second child, Joshua. When he was three, he was diagnosed with PDD-NOS. His younger brother, Jay, was also eventually diagnosed with PDD-NOS. Later on, Larry Altobelli realized that two of his friends grew up from the same neighborhood also had autistic kids. Lori, who had a masters degree in health care administration, asked parents at autism support group meetings if they had ever lived in her husbands old neighborhood. She was shocked by how many said yes. On March 25, 1990, Lori sent a letter to the CDC headquarters in Atlanta demanding an investigation. An epidemiologist arrived in town two months later to collect data. Lori had promised to keep the investigation secret to avert mass panic until she heard the city was planning to build a playground next to the old factory. She called and complained to the mayor who promised to postpone the playground. But an anonymous caller tipped off local reporters and the news went national, appearing at ABC Newss 20/20 on March 13, 1992. A graduate student named Martha Lang from Brown University found from Loris files that the number of confirmed autisms in town was lower than she had been led to believe. Some of the kids were misdiagnosed, and some parents in Loris files had never lived in Leominster at all. After failing to find evidence of genetic abnormalities in the community, the team of geneticists from Stanford suggested that the rise in autism was driven by the change in the diagnostic criteria for autism rather than a true increase in prevalence. But the media circus had long ago moved on. *** In 1995, after a torrent of inquiries from parents, Rimland ran a banner headline in his newsletter, Is There an Autism Epidemic? His answer was yes. But instead of focusing on the changes in the diagnostic criteria, he raised the possibilities that pollution, antibiotics, and vaccines were triggering the increase in new cases, citing the Leominster cluster as an example. Rimland made that statement after he read the book called DPT: A Shot in the Dark, written by Harris Coulter and Barbara Loe Fisher. Rimlands endorsement helped to spread Coulters ideas within the autistic parents community. Meanwhile, a young gastroenterologist in England named Andrew Wakefield introduced Coulters ideas into the mainstream by claiming to have discovered a potential mechanism by which the combination measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine causes brain injury. In the mid 1990s, Wakefield published a series of studies in which he concluded that measles virus might cause Crohns disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The studies were considered groundbreaking, but subsequent research failed to confirm the hypothesis. In 1995, while conducting research into Crohns disease, a mother of an autistic child approach Wakefield seeking help with her sons bowel problems. That prompted him researching for possible connections between the MMR vaccine and autism. On February 28, 1998, Wakefield held a press conference at Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, North London, on his new studies published in The Lancet. The paper, written by Wakefield and twelve other authors, claimed to have identified a new syndrome, raising the possibility of a link between autism, the MMR vaccine, and a novel form of bowel disease. Although the paper said no causal connection had been proven, Wakefield made statements at a press conference calling for suspension of the MMR vaccine until further research. This press coverage sent shock waves through the autism parents community. In the coming years, many members of Rimlands network would become convinced that autism was caused by damage to the childs developing brain from from vaccines, vaccine preservatives, or both. Meanwhile, other researchers could not reproduce Wakefields findings or confirm his hypothesis. In 2004, Brian Deer, a Sunday Times reporter, discovered that Wakefield had failed to disclose its financial conflicts of interest; ten of the studys co-authors took their names off the paper; and Lancet retracted the study in 2004. Wakefield was stripped of his medical license in England in 2010, and the editors of the British Medical Journal denounced his study as an elaborate fraud in 2011. *** There was no question in Lorna Wings mind that the changes she brought to the DSM criteria were the primary factor responsible for the rise in autism cases. Her daughter, Suzie died of a heart attack in 2005 at age forty-nine, and her husband died of Alzheimers disease five years later. She died in 2014 at age eighty-five.

Satanism Essay -- social issues

Satanism The occult is on the rise; many young people are seeking their spiritual identity through Satanism. Satanism has become an issue of great concern in our society. It is a phenomenon that crosses the city limits into the rural areas of our nation. Satanism is not just a big city problem. The news wires carry story after story about young children being kidnapped, only to be found later as victims of some bizarre ritualistic crime. This paper will analyze and will come to a conclusion to the most frequently asked question â€Å"What makes a person to convert his/her religion to Satanism?† To do so, this paper will examine the following areas: Effects of Satanism on our youth and society, does power attracts young people to become a Satanist? And is music a factor in changing one’s religion to Satanism? As satanic involvement among our youth increases, we begin to see the primary goal of such activity. It has become clear, according to the data so far analyzed by those who investigate satanic involvement, that the primary goal is to alter people's values and turn them against themselves, their beliefs, family, God, and society. C. S. Lewis, a famous English writer, in his book Screwtape Letters, says this about Satan: There are two equal and opposite errors into which our race can fall about the devils. One is to disbelieve in their existence. The other is to believe and to feel an unhealthy interest in them. They themselves are equally pleased by both errors and hail a materialist or a magician with the same delight. The term occult means "hidden" or those things or teachings that are "unknown" or secret. This might build some interest or curiosity in some people who want to know what these things are. The occult is the seeking knowledge of unknown information, knowledge that is gained beyond the five senses. Therefore, it is believed that this knowledge is received by some supernatural involvement or connection. Anton LaVey of the First Church of Satan in San Francisco, California, says that: Satanism is a blatantly selfish, brutal religion. It is based on the belief that man is inherently a selfish, violent creature... that the earth will be ruled by those who fight to win. Young Satanists believe that the strong will rule with Satan. Once they are sufficiently involved, they often make a deal with Satan. They commit themselves to a future... ... acceptable in a civilized society. In conclusion, after examining the three focus areas i.e. the effects of Satanism on our youth and society, does power attracts young people to become Satanists and if music is one of the factor in changing one’s religion into Satanism. I have reached the conclusion that there are a lot of others things besides the one mentioned above, that can force a person to change his/her religion to Satanism, which includes lack of social skills, physical or emotional abusing, media/music, obsession with power, etc. BIBLIOGRAPHY Book Sources Cavendish, Richard. The Black Arts, London, Pan Books Ltd, 1967. Kahaner, Larry. Cults that kill, San Francisco, Warner Prints, 1994. LaVey, Anton Szandor. The Satanic Rituals, New York, Avon Books, 1972. Marron, Kevin. Ritual Abuse, Canada, McClelland-Bantam, Inc., 1989. Internet Sources Lavey, Anton. â€Å"Church of Satan†, http://www.churchofsatan.com, (January 8th, 2004) â€Å"Satanism†, April 1999, http://www.dpjs.co.uk/, (January 8th, 2004) â€Å"Satanism Exposed†, http://www.exposingsatanism.com, (january8th, 2004) â€Å"Satanism†, http://altreligion.about.com/cs/satanism/, (January8th, 2004)

Agriculture and Development

Agriculture is in many parts of the world is the main source of food and income of households. The role that agriculture plays in development has been debated during the last decades and the views about it are very diverse. Today, many authors consider agriculture as an essential factor for development and an important instrument for poverty alleviation. In my opinion access to land and water is an indispensable condition to ensure the livelihood of the poor.The current market conditions and the economic liberalization process make it difficult for small farmers to compete with the international sphere, which led many people to move out of agriculture. Also, the market-driven economy has serious environmental consequences, which leads to the investment in the research of more sustainable agriculture methods. In this essay, we provide a situational analysis of agriculture in the third world, which warrants our interest in the same. 1. Different views about Agriculture and Development. For some authors agriculture is a provider of raw material for the rest of the economic sectors and it is seen as a mere contributor to fuel economic development. This simplistic vision contrast with that of those who see agriculture as an essential instrument for industrialization, allowing the transfer of capital to urban areas, stimulating the market and, thus, resulting in economic development. According to Norton (2004), most of economic theories of the last 50 years support industrialization as the basis of economic development.Many governments supporting this theory saw liberalization of agricultural goods as the key for economic growth, without taking into account the effect of dependency that the new system would create. 2. The effects of the market on rural agriculture. The case of Kenya, The global economy and liberalization has deep effects on agriculture, and especially on the economy of smallholder’s farmers in the Third World. New market arrangements have broug ht opportunities for some farmers, but also had negative impact on others, who cannot compete with the low prices established by a liberalized trade.An example of this is the case of Kenya, which as many countries in Africa, suffered from a strong economic crisis during the 80s. The new international terms of trade and the increase of the world interest rates, together with internal causes (such as one of the worst drought periods of its history and political mismanagement) led to disastrous consequences on its agriculture. International market arrangements greatly influence the rural poor livelihoods as it establishes the rules that may not allow them to play in the market.These rules are designed to benefit exclusively large commercial farmers, instead of rural smallholders farmers who have experienced a reduction in their incomes. Food prices are intimately connected to the world market in areas where the poor live. 3. Agriculture research for development. Smallholder farmers pro duce food, which will be consumed by the poor, so rural agriculture, is a key for the livelihoods of the majority of the world’s poorest people (Kydd, 2002).Therefore, agriculture is a central question of development and it needs the adoption of convenient technologies for the different rural population’s needs. The idea is that smallholder farmers will be able to increase their capacities to improve their living standard through their own efforts. Thus, rather than addressing the symptoms should be better to address the causes of poverty through the application of more appropriate agriculture methods to rural farmers. The commercialization of agriculture has also led to a set of agriculture practices completely different from those of the last century.These changes are basically imposed by the new market demands and by the producers’ attempts to answer it. The new agricultural patterns involved a change in the research methods carried out by private organizatio ns searching for more efficient production practices. In this context, advances in biotechnology in the last decades have focused on profitable markets, especially orientated to large commercial agriculture. According to Norton, (2004), irrigation alone cannot be the only basis to supply food to an increasing world population.Important advances have been made in GMO as a new alternative to food production in order to feed future generations. â€Å"Participatory technology development†, where the farmers acquire the control and play a crucial role on agricultural development. Like in the years before industrialization, small farmers have again in his hands the tools for technological change in agriculture, although this new participatory process is still in its development stage. 4. Gender considerations.Due to the essential role that women are playing today on the economy of the household in developing countries, agriculture development research cannot ignore gender issues wh en designing new programs. Women in many countries produce a large part of the food crops of the households and they are essential for the family’s food security (IFAD, 2001). . References. Bibliography. Duncan, A. & Howell, J. (1992). Structural Adjustment and the African Farmer. London and Portsmouth: ODI, James Currey Ltd. & Heinemann Educational Books, Inc. o Search Top of Form

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